Command Reference : Operator and Function Reference : Basic Mathematical Functions
  
Basic Mathematical Functions
The following functions perform basic mathematical operations. When applied to a series, they return a value for every observation in the current sample. When applied to a matrix object, they return a value for every element of the matrix object. The functions will return NA values for observations where the input values are NAs, or where the input values are not valid. For example, the square-root function @sqrt, will return NAs for all observations less than zero.
A few of the functions take an optional argument at the end of the options list ([,n]). Non-zero values refer to the number of decimal points to take account of when performing the operation. For example, the @round function with an optional parameter of 2 will round to the nearest 100. @round with an optional parameter of -2 will round to the nearest 0.01.
Note: @iff, @inv, and @recode do not work with matrix objects.
 
Name
Function
Examples/Description
@abs(x), abs(x)
absolute value
@abs(-3)=3.
@bounds(x,y,z)
boundary values
returns if is between and and the boundary values and otherwise
@ceiling(x[,n])
smallest integer not less than
@ceiling(2.34)=3, @ceiling(4)=4.
@exp(x), exp(x)
exponential,
@exp(1)=2.71813.
@expm1(x)
exponential,
For x near zero.
@fact(x)
factorial,
@fact(3)=6, @fact(0)=1.
@factlog(x)
natural logarithm of the factorial,
@factlog(3)=1.79176, @factlog(0)=0.
@floor(x[,n])
largest integer not greater than
@floor(1.23)=1, @floor(-3.1)=-4.
@iff(s,x,y)
recode by condition
returns if condition is true; otherwise returns . Note this is the same as @recode.
@inv(x)
reciprocal,
inv(2)=0.5 (For series only; you should use @einv to obtain the element inverse of a matrix).
@mod(x,y)
floating point remainder
returns the remainder of with the same sign as . If the result is 0.
@log(x), log(x)
natural logarithm,
@log(2)=0.693..., log(@exp(1))=1.
@log1p(x)
For near zero.
@log1mexp(x)
For negative near zero.
@log10(x)
base-10 logarithm,
@log10(100)=2.
@logx(x,b)
base-b logarithm,
@logx(256,2)=8.
@nan(x,y)
recode NAs in X to Y
returns if , and if .
@pmax(x,y)
pairwise max
returns the pairwise max of and (for more than pairs, use @rmax)
@pmin(x,y)
pairwise min
returns the pairwise max of and (for more than pairs, use @rmin)
@pow(x,a)
power,
@pow(2,3) = 8.
@powm1(x,a)
For near one.
@pow1pm1(x,a)
For near zero. While similar to @powm1, this function supports a full double-precision “delta” from one. Among other things, this allows exponentiation of values extremely close to one that cannot be represented in double-precision, e.g., . This function should only be used if the calculation of naturally falls near zero. If the calculation of naturally falls near one, @powm1 should be used instead. Supplying to this function will produce less accurate results.
@recode(s,x,y)
recode by condition
returns if condition is true; otherwise returns .
@round(x[,n])
round to the nearest integer
@round(-97.5)=-98, @round(3.5)=4.
@sign(x)
returns sign of
returns -1, 0, 1 depending on the sign of the corresponding element of
@sqrt(x), sqr(x)
square root
@sqrt(9)=3.